حال ساده-استمراری-گذشته ساده

فعل در جمله مرکز بار گرامری آن جمله می باشد. فعل در جمله بعد از فاعل قرار می گیرد. افعال انگلیسی عمومأ از پنج مصدر زیر مشتق می شوند:

1-     مصدر ساده:         to walk / to give                                                                 ریشه فعلto + 

2-     مصدر استمراری:              to be giving  to be walking /                         to be + verb ing  

3-     مصدر کامل:     to + have + p.p.                               to have walked / to have given               

4-     مصدر کامل استمراری:                                                        to + have + been + verb ing

                To have been walking/to have been giving

5-     مصدر مجهول:   to + be + p.p.                                   to be walked / to be given                    

زمان ها:

v     حال: ساده، استمراری، کامل، کامل استمراری.

v     گذشته: ساده، استمراری، کامل، کامل استمراری.

v     آینده: ساده، استمراری، کامل، کامل استمراری.

حال ساده:                    he studies/ I study English every day          مصدر ساده بدونto  subject +

ü      برای فاعل سوم شخص مفرد(he, she, it, Ali) به فعل  sیا ies اضافه می کنیم:I play, she plays well   

1-      برای بیان عادات و تکرار همیشگی از حال ساده استفاده می شود:

She always goes to bed late. They often walk home. We watch TV every night. You go there very often. I usually go to school by bus.

2-      برای بیان حقایق مسلم  از حال ساده استفاده می شود:

 The earth revolves around the sun. Birds fly. Dogs bark. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. A mother loves her children. The world is round.

Ø      برای سوالی و منفی کردن زمان حال ساده از فعل کمکی )do برای  (I, you, we, they  و does( برای فاعل سوم شخص مفرد: (she, he, it, Ali  استفاده میکنیم:

They begin their work at 7 every morning.

Do they begin their work at 7 every morning?

They don’t begin their work at 7 every morning.

Helen sometimes washes the dishes at night.

Does Helen sometimes wash the dishes at night?

Helen doesn’t sometimes wash the dishes at night.

ü      منفی کردن فعل to be: اضافه کردن not به فعل:     I am a teacher →  I am not a teacher        

 Am I a teacher? (Are you a teacher?)  →

حال استمراری: subject + am, is, are + verb + ing                 we are studying now              

1-      برای بیان کاری که هم اکنون در حال انجام است:

He is writing a letter. She is doing her homework. Ali is listening to some music. I am speaking English right now. You are wearing a black T shirt. It is raining now.

2-      برای بیان شروع، استمرار، یا اتمام کاری:

It is beginning to snow. My cold is becoming worse. Her studies are going to end.

3-      برای بیان یک قرار در آینده استفاده می شود. در این صورت جمله باید دارای قید آینده باشد:

He is giving a lecture tomorrow. The ship is sailing next week. Her parents are coming here next summer. Ali and I are dating next weekend.

Ø      برای سوالی و منفی کردن زمان حال استمراری به فعل کمکی not اضافه می کنیم:

The weather is not getting colder these days. They are not swimming now.

·         بعضی از افعال که بیانگر حالات می باشند، استمراری نمی شوند. یعنی نمی توان به آنها ing افزود:

Know: I know your father. I am knowing your father. 

Believe, doubt, recognize, remember, understand, like, dislike, please, prefer, fear, hate, mind, belong, possess, own, need, want, wish, exist, hear, sound, seem, agree, disagree, mean, surprise, amaze, promise, look like, resemble, contain, matter.

·         بعضی از افعال وقتی بیانگر حالات هستند استمراری نمی شوند اما وقتی بیانگر عملکردها می باشند، استمراری می شوند:

Progressive	Non-progressive	Verb
Ali is looking out the window. She is appearing on a TV show today. I am thinking about my family now. I am feeling a little tired today. I am having a good time. (having lunch) The doctor is seeing a patient now. The chef is tasting the soup. She is smelling the rose. She is loving parenthood.	It looks cold outside. She appears to be tired today. I think that he is a good teacher. I feel that she is a good student. I have a bicycle. I saw a bird in the sky.    The soup tastes salty. Something smells bad. She loves her kids.	Look Appear Think Feel Have See Taste Smell Love

گذشته ساده:       he watched TV last night.            ( یا شکل دوم فعل بی قاعده  subject + verb + ed (

ü      برای ساختن زمان گذشته به افعال با قاعده (regular) ed, اضافه می کنیم. افعال بی قاعده (irregular) شکلشان عوض می شود.( برای آشنایی با افعال بی قاعده به انتهای کتاب مراجعه شود. )

1-      برای بیان کاری که در گذشته معینی به اتمام رسیده است:

It snowed yesterday. He studied English last week. I walked to school last day. They lived in Mashhad last year. We bought a new car three days ago. You left here 2 weeks ago. Ali saw him last weekend. It began to rain last fall. I was a teacher many years ago. I tried to win a few minutes ago.

2-      برای بیان تکرار در گذشته از گذشته ساده استفاده می کنیم:  

He came here every day last month. I always went to school by bus. I always played soccer many times ago. 

Ø      برای سوالی و منفی کردن زمان گذشته ساده از فعل کمکی did استفاده می کنیم:

Marry arrived late. → Did Marry arrive late? → Marry didn’t arrive late.

They did their homework well.→ Did they do their homework well? → They didn’t do their homework well.

We were students. → were we students? → We weren’t students.  

Some irregular verbs
Past participle	Simple past	Simple form
Let Put Hurt	Let Put Hurt	Let Put Hurt
Become Run	Became Ran	Become Run
Been Gone	Was-were Went	Be Go
Learned/learnt Burned/burnt	Learned/learnt Burned/burnt	Learn Burn
Had Left Made Met	Had Left Made Met	Have Leave Make Meet
Eaten Given Fallen	Ate Gave Fell	Eat Give Fall
Begun Drunk Swum	Began Drank swam	Begin Drink Swim